Embedded Files
Araminta “Minta” Ross Foreman
(04/14/1878-04/30/1952)
Cherokee Nation
Yaeli Almader, (TU, BA Class of 2026)
Early History
Araminta (“Minta”) Ross Foreman was born April 14th, 1878, to Reverend Stephen Foreman (1807-1881), and Ruth Riley Candy Foreman (1838-1885) at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. According to the website Find a Grave, Stephen Foreman’s Cherokee name is ᎤᏤᎸᏅᎯ (U-Tse-Lv-Nv-Hi). Both of Minta’s parents were citizens of the Cherokee Nation.1
Stephen Foreman, Minta’s father, was a significant figure in Cherokee and missionary history, and he had close ties with Reverend Samuel Austin Worcester, the grandfather of Alice Robertson, director of the Presbyterian School for Indian Girls. Foreman was born near present-day Rome, Georgia, to John Anthony Foreman, a Scottish trader, and “Wattie or Elizabeth” Foreman, a Cherokee woman.2 Stephen Foreman’s father died in 1817, and he moved to what is now Cleveland, Tennessee, where he attended Candy’s Creek Mission from 1824 to 1826.3 Later, he moved to New Echota in 1828 to study preaching with Worcester.4 Foreman entered Princeton Theological Seminary in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1831, returning to Tennessee in 1833 after his graduation. Rev. Foreman married Sarah Watkins Riley in 1834 at Creek Path Mission in Alabama, and the couple had their first son, Austin Worcester (1835-1855), named after Samuel Austin Worcester. When the forced removal of Cherokee people from Georgia began in 1838, Foreman served as conductor for one of the detachments.5
Once the group reached Park Hill, Indian Territory, in 1839, Foreman continued working as a preacher at Fairfield, Honey Creek, and Dwight Missions. Alongside Worcester, Foreman translated the New Testament and parts of the Old Testament into Cherokee. He held numerous educational and political leadership roles for the Cherokee Nation before and during the Civil War, and lost his first wife in 1861.6
After the Civil War, Foreman married Ruth Riley Candy, Minta’s mother, in 1873, and together they had four children: an unnamed daughter (unknown birth date-unknown death date), Charles Hodge (1873-1889), Flora Elizabeth (1876-1916), and Minta Ross. Stephen Foreman suffered two strokes in 1878, which resulted in his death at the age of seventy-four in 1881. In 1885, Minta’s mother died at the age of forty-seven, leaving Minta orphaned at the age of seven.7 Her brother, Charles, would later die of pneumonia while he attended the Cherokee Male Seminary in 1889.8
In addition to Austin Worcester, Minta had nine half-siblings from her father’s first marriage: Ermina Nash (1837-1858), Jeremiah Everts (1838-1864), Susie Elizabeth (1842-1864), John Anthony (1844-1919), Sarah Ann (1846-1846), Stephen Taylor (1848-1891), Jennie Lind (1850-1910), Archibald Alexander (1853-1877), and Austin Worcester, later known as Dr. A.W. Foreman (1855-1910), named after his aforementioned older brother who died in 1855 in a hunting accident.9 Minta also had a half-brother from her mother’s first marriage to Reece (Reese) Candy, Thomas L. Candy (1861-1897), who was listed as the estate administrator of Ruth Foreman’s estate in 1886.10
School
Although Minta primarily attended the Cherokee Female Seminary, her brief enrollment at PSIG likely reflects the influence of her father’s association with the Worcester-Robertson family.
She began her formal education at the age of ten at Cherokee Female Seminary in Tahlequah, Indian Territory, in 1889.11 She studied at the school with her sister, Flora, appearing together in Grant Foreman’s student records and on the honor rolls. Minta thrived academically, earning a grade of 97 in her first year, as noted in the April 9 Roll of Honor.12 She and her sister attended the school for a year before transferring to PSIG in 1890.
At PSIG, Minta also excelled at her studies, with scores of 90 and 95 for scholarship and 100 for deportment during the fall term of 1890.13 She attended PSIG until at least December 1892, with the Muskogee Phoenix noting her home visit to Vinita from the school in November 1891 and reporting her high scores in the December 29th, 1892, honor roll.14
She returned to Cherokee Female Seminary in 1894, along with her sister and her niece Jennie, daughter of her half-brother, Stephen Taylor.15 Minta maintained her academic achievements, earning a grade of 98 on the October 10 honor roll for high school students.16 She appeared as a student in Grant Foreman’s records until 1895; however, it is unclear whether she graduated that year or in another year. Still, several local newspapers indicate she received a degree from Cherokee Female Seminary.17
Minta then moved to pursue higher education at the Kansas City Ladies’ College in Independence, Missouri, from ca. 1896-1898, with her niece Ermina Essie “Tot” Foreman, the daughter of her half-brother, Dr. A.W. Foreman. Although Minta and Ermina enrolled at the same time, Minta advanced more in her studies and graduated a year before her niece in 1898.18
She ranked first in her graduating class, much to the pride and joy of her family and friends, as reported in local publications.19 Her brother, Dr. A.W. Foreman, attended her commencement ceremonies, which took place from May 27th to May 31st, 1898, at the First Presbyterian Church in Independence.20 Minta left Independence soon after commencement and returned to Vinita, as reported by The Weekly Chieftain.21
Adult Life
Minta had a lifelong career in Indigenous education, spanning almost fifty years and across four Indigenous nations: the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole Nations. She immersed herself in the culture and politics of the nations she served, especially the Choctaw Nation, where she served the longest.
She began her career at her alma mater, the Cherokee Female Seminary. Minta started as a second assistant teacher to Principal A.F. Wilson. She then left the school for a brief time, coming back as a third assistant teacher in 1901 under the leadership of Principal Etta J. Rider.22 Rising in the ranks, Minta became the principal teacher in 1906, a position she retained until the State of Oklahoma bought the Cherokee Female Seminary in 1909.23
Portrait of Minta Foreman as an instructor at Cherokee Female Seminary.
Image Credit: “Araminta R. Foreman,” Choctaw Journeys, Provided by Findagrave.com
Although she was out of work for fourteen weeks and moved to Talala to live with her sister, Flora, and brother-in-law, Austin J. Rider, Minta later found work in 1911 as an instructor at Wheelock Academy, a Choctaw-run school for girls in Millerton, Oklahoma.24 In 1916, she succeeded Miss Eleanor Allen as principal, and local publications reported on her promotion, stating that Minta’s Cherokee heritage and innovative teaching abilities made her highly qualified for the position.25
Oil painting of Wheelock Academy, near Millerton, by Vinson Lackey, ca. early 20th century.
Image Credit: Gilcrease Museum
This promotion from instructor to principal marked a new career pathway for Minta; transferring to Indigenous schools to lead them, she often replaced white principals. In 1920, she transferred to Bloomfield Seminary (sometimes referred to as Bloomfield Academy and later renamed Carter Seminary), a boarding school for Chickasaw girls in Ardmore, Oklahoma, succeeding Miss Eleanor Allen again as superintendent.26 The Daily Ardmoreite highlighted this occasion, writing, “Miss Foreman is a woman of sterling qualities and of long experience in Indian work and Bloomfield will feel the uplift of her strong personality and her high ideals.”27 She remained at Bloomfield Seminary until 1923 and then took a temporary retirement from Indigenous education.28 In 1927, Minta returned to Indigenous education “as a member of the faculty of Carter seminary,” then in 1928 she replaced Edwin Swingle as superintendent of Mekusukey Academy, originally a mission school for Seminole boys, but later a co-educational institution, running the school for a year.29
Oil Painting of Mekusukey Academy in 1891, by Vinson Lackey, 1945.
Image Credit: Gilcrease Museum
When Minta took a break from her work in Indigenous education from 1923 to 1928, she dedicated herself to business endeavors and church activities in Muskogee, Oklahoma. Along with Mrs. Eunice Miller and Miss Mae Reirdon, two businesswomen from Ardmore, Minta bought and assumed control over G. J. Kingsbury’s curio shop.30 She also served as a Sunday school teacher for primary school-aged children at the First Presbyterian Church.31
After her temporary withdrawal from Indigenous education and brief tenures at Bloomfield and Mekusukey, Minta returned as superintendent to Wheelock Academy from 1929 to 1942. She advanced professionally and became further involved with the Choctaw Nation during her second superintendency. Minta appeared as a member of the Indian Service in the 1929 Official Register of the United States.32 As noted in correspondence with Edmond J. Gardner, a Choctaw historian, Minta intended to find historical documents for a history of Wheelock Academy. It is unclear whether this query resulted in a written account due to a lack of a surviving document linked to Minta. Yet, Gardner wrote to Minta that he was willing to share his historical materials with her.33
She also became involved with Choctaw cultural activities, participating in several conferences and festivals. Minta officiated a traditional Choctaw wedding with her students at a June 1938 Choctaw festival in Durant, Oklahoma, presided over by the new chief, Ben H. Dwight.34 Later in November 1936, she attended the Women’s Federated Clubs convention in McAlester and delivered a speech with Mrs. Gravitt about Indigenous welfare and presented Indigenous handiwork.35 Minta also attended Choctaw political meetings, attending the “Iksas,” the Choctaw Nation’s annual meeting in Tuskahoma in 1940.36
Photograph of the main building, dormitory, and administration, c. 1928. [Transcribed text] No. 1 Wheelock Academy Main Bld (Building).
Image Credit: Oklahoma Historical Society
In her personal life, Minta remained close to her nieces, nephews, and paternal half-siblings. She never married and was the last surviving child of Ruth Riley Candy Foreman and Stephen Foreman in 1916, following her sister Flora’s death.37 In September 1938, she and the descendants of Stephen Foreman attended the Chattanooga Centennial. During the centennial, there was a dedication of a tablet to Minta’s father in Brainerd Mission. For this notable memorial, Minta wrote a biography of her father, which would be published in The Chronicles of Oklahoma in 1940.38 A few years later, in 1942, Minta retired at the age of sixty-four, and she moved into her niece Ermina’s and her husband’s, Richard McSpadden’s, home near Grand Lake, Oklahoma.39
1938 Photograph taken by Burton Jones of Minta Foreman (left), Robert Sparks Walker (center), and Susan Foreman Wear (right) at Brainerd Cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Image Credit: Chattanooga Public Library Digital Collections.
Death and Legacy
Minta had a sudden heart attack, and after two days of illness, died at her niece’s home near Grand Lake on April 30, 1952, at seventy-four years old.40 Her funeral services were held on May 1, 1952, at Burckhalter Memorial Chapel in Vinita, Oklahoma, and she was buried at Fairview Cemetery.41 Minta’s many nieces and nephews survived her.
Through her decades of committed service in multiple nations, Minta left a lasting legacy on Indigenous girls’ education. Her life’s work reveals the interconnectedness within and outside the PSIG network, showing that these schools were not isolated institutions but intertwined, with teachers, students, and principals seamlessly transitioning between different schools and nations.
Tribal Enrollment Information
Cherokee Nation (Dawes Roll) Enrollment Card
Enrollment Number: 14635
Card Number: 6141
Enrollment Date: December 5, 1900. 42
Photograph of Enrollment Details for Minta Ross Foreman.
Image Credit: National Archives and Records Administration
Endnote
1 “Foreman Rites Set at Vinita,” The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City), May 1, 1952, 34, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman-obituary-for-minta-r/111376263; “The Old Man of the Mountains,” Iapi Oaye–The World Carrier (Santee, NE), April 1, 1882, 8, https://www.newspapers.com/image/868990744/; Alice P. and R. Burnett, “Ruth Riley Foreman (1838-1885),” sharing information attributed to James R. Hicks, Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/51751969/ruth-foreman, (Accessed September 29, 2025); Cherokee Speaks, “Cherokee Syllabary,” https://cherokeespeaks.com/syllabary/, (Accessed December 5, 2025). Syllabary rendition of phonetic spelling from Abby and Hannah Ridley.
2 “The Old Man of the Mountains,” 8; Minta Ross Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman, Cherokee Missionary,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 18, no. 3 (1940): 229-242, https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc2192172/.
3 Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 230; “The Old Man of the Mountains,” 8.
4 Foreman,“Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 231; “The Old Man of the Mountains,” 8.
5 “The Old Man of the Mountains,” 8; Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 233-234.
6 “The Old Man of the Mountains,” 8; Lorie Coker McElhaney, “Sarah Watkins “Sallie” Riley Foreman (1814-1861),” Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/248745695/sarah_watkins-foreman, (Accessed October 2, 2025).
7 Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 240; Patricia Mechling,“Araminta Ross Foreman (1878-1952),” Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5171001/araminta_ross-foreman, (Accessed September 4, 2025).
8 “Local and Otherwise,” The Telephone (Tahlequah, I. T.), October 3, 1889, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-telephone-cherokee-female-and-male-s/163897334/.
9 Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 232 and 237; Mechling,“Araminta Ross Foreman,” Findagrave.com; McElhaney, “Sarah Watkins “Sallie” Riley Foreman (1814-1861),” Findagrave.com; Patricia Mechling and R. Burnett, “Stephen Taylor Foreman (1846-1891),” Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5300891/stephen_taylor-foreman,
(Accessed October 1, 2025); Lois, “John Anthony Foreman (1844-1919),” Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/235023877/john-anthony-foreman, (Accessed October 2, 2025).
10 Preston Wade Prater, “Thomas L. Candy,” wadeporter.com, https://wadeprater.com/tng/getperson.php, (Accessed October 1, 2025); “Notice,” Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, I. T.), May 7, 1886, 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/611423319/.
11 Grant Foreman, Students of Cherokee Female Seminary, 1876-1904, Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes, 53, vol. 16, Oklahoma Historical Society, https://www.okhistory.org/research/digital/foremantrans/foreman.sup16.pdf.
12 “Female Seminary: Roll of Honor for the Month Ending April 4th, 1890,” Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, I. T.), April 9, 1890, 2, https://www.newspapers.com/image/611433633/.
13 “Presbyterian Mission,” Muskogee Phoenix, September 25, 1925, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/611428616; “Presbyterian School for Girls,” Muskogee Phoenix, December 18, 1890, 4, https://www.newspapers.com/image/611429339/.
14 “Purely Personal,” Muskogee Phoenix, November 19, 1891, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-phoenix-minta-foremans-home-vi/180844568/; “Roll of Honor,” Muskogee Phoenix, December 29, 1892, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-phoenix-thu-29-dec-1892-page/151843631/.
15 Foreman, Students of Cherokee Female Seminary, 85; “Stephen Taylor Foreman,” Findagrave.com.
16 “Roll of Honor,” Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, I. T.), October 10, 1894, 1, https://www.newspapers.com/article/cherokee-advocate-roll-of-honor/137554184/.
17 “Foreman Rites Set at Vinita,” The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City), May 1, 1952, 34, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman-obituary-for-minta-r/111376263/; “Rites Thursday For Cherokee Educator,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, May 1, 1952, 2, https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-daily-phoenix-and-times-democra/180961646/.
18 “Local Mention,” The Vinita Leader, June 10, 1897, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583373480; “Personal Notes,” The Weekly Chieftain (Vinita, I. T.), June 10, 1897, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/,664482029; The Vinita Leader, June 2, 1898, 4, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583380318/.
19 The Vinita Leader, 4, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583380318/; “With First Honors,” The Weekly Chieftain (Vinita, I. T.), June 2, 1898, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/664483496/.
20 “School Closing Exercises: Graduations at Independence Colleges and Public Schools Begin,” The Kansas City Star, May 21, 1898, 8, https://www.newspapers.com/image/648141636/; “Young Women Graduate: Annual Commencement Exercises of the Kansas City Ladies’ College to Be Held Tonight,” Kansas City Journal, May 31, 1898, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/84563062/.
21 “With First Honors,” The Weekly Chieftain (Vinita, I. T.), 3.
22 Foreman, Students of Cherokee Female Seminary, 120, 142.
23 “Assignment of Teachers,” The Tahlequah Arrow, August 25, 1906, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/657446003/; “A Page Purely of Interest to Womankind,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, March 28, 1909, 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/584037148/; “State Normal Opens Tuesday,” The Tahlequah Arrow, September 10, 1909, 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/657465407/.
24 Minta R. Foreman, U.S. Census Bureau, 1910 United States Federal Census, Township 9, Rogers County, Oklahoma, Enumeration District 179, Sheet Number 11. Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/788is 4/records/23164150, (Accessed September 11, 2025); “Local and Personal News,” Durant Daily Democrat, September 8, 1911, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/707543190/.
25 “Miss Allen is Again Promoted: Highly Efficient Principal of Wheelock Indian School Goes to Hargrove,” Muskogee County Democrat, Nov 2, 1916, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/14888123/.
26 “Miss Allen Resigns the Superintendency Bloomfield Seminary,” The Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, OK), August 8, 1920, 7, https://www.newspapers.com/image/No.171775326/; “Bloomfield Academy Has Interesting History as a Pioneer Indian School,” The Ardmore Daily Press, Nov 3, 1923, 6, https://www.newspapers.com/image/666013437/.
27 “Miss Allen Resigns,” The Daily Ardmoreite, 7.
28 “Rites Thursday For Cherokee Educator,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, 1.
29 “Rites Thursday For Cherokee Educator,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, 1;
“Quits School Post,” Tulsa World, January 2, 1928, 4, https://www.newspapers.com/image/908386287/; “Church Built in 1846 Still Stands,” The Sharon News (Sharon, OK), July 14, 1932, 6, https://www.newspapers.com/image/904965227.
30 “Miss Minta Foreman, Miss Mae Reirdon, and Mrs. Eunice Miller Take Over Store this Week,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, August 19, 1923, 13, https://www.newspapers.com/image/898086623/.
31 “Picnic Party Old Fort,” Muskogee Times-Democrat, July 29, 1925, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/904670188/.
32 “Minta R. Foreman,” U.S., Register of Civil, Military, and Naval Service, 1863-1959, 1929, vol. 1, 56, Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2525/records/198857.
33 Edmund J. Gardner, Typed Letter from E. J. Gardner to Miss M. R. Foreman about Writing History of Choctaw Nation's Wheelock School, 4027.4537, Edmond J. Gardner Manuscript Collection, November 30, 1931, Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum, https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/40274537.
34 “Ben H. Dwight will be Master of Ceremonies,” The Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, OK), June 29, 1936, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/871806831/.
35 “McAlester Ladies Attend District Meet,” The M’Alester News-Capital (McAlester, OK), November 16, 1936, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/903151357/.
36 “Ohoyohomans will Attend Choctaw Meet,” The M’Alester News-Capital (McAlester, OK), May 30, 1940, 5, https://www.newspapers.com/image/903180231/.
37 Gwen Nolte, “Flora Elizabeth Foreman Rider (1876-1916),” Findagrave.com, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8524179/flora_elizabeth-rider, (Accessed September 11, 2025).
38 “Yesterday,” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, September 29, 1938, 3, https://www.newspapers.com/image/898525246; Foreman, “Reverend Stephen Foreman,” 230.
39 “Foreman Rites Set at Vinita,” The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City), 34.
40 “Services Planned for Miss Minta Foreman, 74,” The Vinita Daily Journal, April 30, 1952, 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/901391190/.
41 “Services Planned for Miss Minta Foreman,” The Vinita Daily Journal, 1.
42 Minta Foreman, Cherokee Nation, Dawes Roll number #14635, Card number #6141, Field Number #6141, December 5, 1900, Oklahoma and Indian Territory, U.S. Dawes Census Cards. Ancestry.com. https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/60543/records/180059.
Bibliography
“A Page Purely of Interest to Womankind.” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, March 28, 1909. Newspapers.com.
“Assignment of Teachers.” The Tahlequah Arrow, August 25, 1906. Newspapers.com.
“Ben H. Dwight will be Master of Ceremonies.” The Daily Ardmoreite (Ardmore, OK), June 29, 1936. Newspapers.com.
“Bloomfield Academy Has Interesting History as a Pioneer Indian School.” The Ardmore Daily Press, November 3, 1923. Newspapers.com
P., Alice and Burnett, R. “Ruth Riley Foreman (1838-1885).” Find a Grave.com.
Cherokee High School Teachers Appointed for the Ensuing Term.” The Fort Gibson Post, July 14, 1898. Newspapers.com.
Cherokee Speaks. “Cherokee Syllabary.” https://cherokeespeaks.com/syllabary/.
“Church Built in 1846 Still Stands.” The Sharon News (Sharon, OK), July 14, 1932. Newspapers.com.
“Female Seminary: Roll of Honor for the Month Ending April 4th, 1890.” Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, I. T.), April 9, 1890. Newspapers.com.
Foreman, Grant. Students of Cherokee Female Seminary, 1876-1904. Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes, vol.16. Oklahoma Historical Society: 1-162.
Foreman, Minta. U.S. Dawes Census Cards, Oklahoma and Indian Territory. Cherokee Nation. Dawes Roll number #14635, Card number #6141, Field Number #6141, December 5, 1900. National Archives and Records Administration.
Foreman, Minta R. U.S., Register of Civil, Military, and Naval Service, 1863-1959, 1929, vol. 1, 56. Accessed through Ancestry.com.
Foreman, Minta Ross. “Reverend Stephen Foreman, Cherokee Missionary.” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 18, no. 3 (1940): 229-242.
“Foreman Rites Set at Vinita.” The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City), May 1, 1952. Newspapers.com.
Gardner, Edmund J. Letter from Edmond J. Gardner to Miss Forman Requesting Pageant Programs and Describing Possible Building Plans for Improving Site “across the creek where the little log house stands.”4027.4578. Edmond J. Gardner Manuscript Collection. June 3, 1932. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum.
Gardner, Edmund J. Letter from Edward J. Gardner to Miss Foreman, Choctaw Nation's Wheelock Academy. 4027.4543. Edmond J. Gardner Manuscript Collection. May 19, 1935. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum.
Gardner, Edmund J. Typed Letter from E. J. Gardner to Miss M. R. Foreman about Writing History of Choctaw Nation's Wheelock School. 4027.4537. Edmond J. Gardner Manuscript Collection, November 30, 1931. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum.
Indigenous Peoples of North America: Historical Manuscripts and Documents, 1724-1981, 1975-006. Special Collections, McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK.
Lackey, Vinson. Mekasukey Academy, Seminole 1891. 01.1447. 1945. Oil on canvas. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum.
Lackey, Vinson. Wheelock Mission, near Millerton. 01.1391. Early 20th century. Oil on canvas. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum.
“Local Mention.” The Vinita Leader, June 10, 1897. Newspapers.com.
“Local and Otherwise.” The Telephone (Tahlequah, I. T.), October 3, 1889. Newspapers.com.
“Local and Personal News.” Durant Daily Democrat, September 8, 1911. Newspapers.com.
Lois. “John Anthony Foreman (1844-1919).” Find a Grave.com.
“McAlester Ladies Attend District Meet.” The M’Alester News-Capital (McAlester, OK), November 16, 1936. Newspapers.com.
McElhaney, Lorie Coker. “Sarah Watkins “Sallie” Riley Foreman (1814-1861).” Findagrave.com.
Mechling, Patricia. “Araminta Ross Foreman (1878-1952).” Findagrave.com.
Mechling, Patricia and Burnett, R. “Stephen Taylor Foreman (1846-1891).” Findagrave.com.
“Miss Allen is Again Promoted: Highly Efficient Principal of Wheelock Indian School Goes to Hargrove.” Muskogee County Democrat, November 2, 1916. Newspapers.com.
“Miss Minta Foreman, Miss Mae Reirdon, and Mrs. Eunice Miller Take Over Store this Week.” Muskogee Daily Phoenix and Times-Democrat, August 19, 1923. Newspapers.com.
Nolte, Gwen. “Flora Elizabeth Foreman Rider (1876-1916).” Findagrave.com.
“Notice.” Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, I. T.), May 7, 1886. Newspapers.com.
“Normal Schools.” The Tahlequah Arrow, November 10, 1910. Newspapers.com.
“Ohoyohomans will attend Choctaw Meet.” The M’Alester News-Capital (McAlester, OK), May 30, 1940. Newspapers.com.
“Oklahoma Deaths.” The Tulsa Tribune, May 3, 1952. Newspapers.com.
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