Helen Clementine (Norman) Sanger Cooley Stream 

Helen Clementine (Norman) Sanger Cooley Stream 

(1870 - 11/4/1947) 

Muscogee (Creek) Nation 

Tribal Town: Hickory Ground  

By Robert Calvin Loveall, (TU, BA Class of 2026)

Content Note: gun violence and domestic violence in paragraph six.

Early History 

Helen Clementine “Clemmie” Norman, her older sister Caroline “Carrie” Elizabeth Norman (1867- 1949), and her brother Percy Norman (birth and death dates unknown) were born near Pensacola, Florida, to Wesley Norman (1827-1898) and Caroline N. Killam (1839-1883).1 When Clemmie and her sister were very young, Wesley and Caroline moved to St. Louis, Missouri, until 1874, when they moved inside the bounds of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Indian Territory. There the family settled near Snake Creek, located roughly twelve miles north of Okmulgee, following the advice of Caroline’s brother, Dr. Edward Kellam, to “[file] on free land.”2 Clemmie’s maternal great-grandmother was Carolina Weatherford, daughter of Chief William Weatherford (Red Eagle) of the Creeks, “[a] name [which] has passed into legend” because of his courageous actions in the Creek War (1813-1814) and participation in treaty negotiations with President Andrew Jackson.3 As a result of her Muscogee lineage, Caroline and her three children were recorded on the 1882 Hickory Ground Tribal Town Census Roll in the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.4 Shortly after, Caroline began facing various health issues and was considered an invalid for the last five years of her life.5 Caroline died on July 29, 1883, when Clemmie was approximately twelve years old.6 In December, 1883, Caroline’s widowed sister, Rosa Alabama Killam, formerly married to Michael Hoke Brown, was taken in by Wesley to be his housekeeper.7  In January, 1884, Wesley married Rosa Alabama in the home of David Carr in Okmulgee, Indian Territory.8  

School 

When Clemmie’s mother died, she and her sister Caroline were attending the Wealaka Mission in  Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Indian Territory.9 Shortly after her father remarried, Clemmie’s new step-mother, Rosa Alabama, went back to Alabama for approximately six months, during which time Clemmie returned to her father’s home to manage the household chores.10 Clemmie’s studies were often interrupted as she filled in for the absence of her step-mother at home.11 While it is unclear when she enrolled in the Presbyterian School for Indian Girls (PSIG), her attendance is confirmed by her signature in an autograph booklet for Alice Robertson, who was about to travel to help fundraise on behalf of the school in approximately 1887.12 Robertson was the Director of PSIG from 1885 to 1894.

Clemmie’s first appearance in the local newspapers, after her departure from PSIG, shares information about her marriage to George P. Sanger. A short article in The Weekly Chieftain, dated September 8, 1887, announced the wedding with the added comment, “Miss Norman is endowed with much natural grace and in addition to this she has had the advantage of a liberal education at the hands of Miss Alice Robertson, in the Presbyterian School at Muskogee. She will be missed by her friends at home but in her new life she will be an ornament to the society where she lives.”13 

Adult Life 

On September 1, 1887, Clemmie, aged seventeen, married George P. Sanger (ca. 1862-12/27/1933).14 George was a “successful merchant and farmer” from Mineral Springs, Arkansas.15 He was the son of Captain and Mrs. William Johnson of Nashville, Arkansas, his mother coming from a family of influence and wealth.16 The Muskogee Phoenix reported that on September 23, 1889, Mary Alice Sanger, Clemmie and George’s first-born child, died when she was only fourteen months old.17 

However, the couple soon became parents again: the Muskogee Phoenix published that “Clemmie Norman Sanger is the proud mother of a little son,” on August 28, 1890.18 

Clemmie, George, and their newborn child George Sanger, Jr. (08/25/1890-04/27/1972) moved to the estate of Captain Fenton Sanger (George Sanger’s half-brother) after their house burned down in a fire, and they lived in a tent on the property. Fenton Sanger was the father of May and Lena Sanger, two students attending PSIG during the time.19 Evidence suggests that on September 23, 1890, as George was returning to the tent, he found Clemmie and Fenton alone. When George tried entering the tent, Fenton fired his shotgun and George shot back twice, ultimately killing Fenton. George successfully argued self-defense in court, resulting in his acquittal from the charge of murder.20 Rumors of bad blood between the two half-brothers existed, as it was alleged that Clemmie and Captain Fenton had or were having an affair.21 Despite the allegations, violence, and heated controversy, the couple apparently reconciled and remained married until at least the 1910s. 

Clemmie’s father, Wesley G. Norman, died on December 8, 1898. His will specified that the majority of his estate would go to his wife, Rosa Alabama.22 Clemmie and her sister Carrie, along with their husbands, contested this decision in 1899 by protesting the citizenship rights of their stepmother, Rosa Alabama.23 They raised two objections to discredit the citizenship of Rosa and her children: 1) the names were placed on the roll fraudulently based on the testimony of Noah Gregory, Caroline’s husband; and 2) Rosa Alabama and her children were not citizens by blood through the testimony of Clemmie Sanger, who claimed Rosa was not related to her mother, Caroline N. Killam. On April 15, 1901, the Commission ruled against Rosa Alabama and her children, revoking their Muscogee (Creek) citizenship. It was not until March 12, 1902, when the Department of the Interior Office of Indian Affairs investigated through A. C. Tonner, the Acting Commissioner, that this decision would be reversed.25 

The 1900 Federal Census records Clemmie Sanger and her son, George Jr., living in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, while George Sanger, Sr. lived as a boarder in Sapulpa, Indian Territory, at the time, with his occupation listed as iron miner. The census records indicate that Clemmie had three children total; however, only one, George Jr., was alive.26 

It is not clear when or why Clemmie and George, Sr., decided to move; however, according to a 1910 Federal Census, they were living in Tulare, California, in one household with their son.27 Clemmie spent a lot of time volunteering and working for women-led organizations in California. The first mention of Clemmie in California comes from the Tulare Advance-Register, which reported on July 28, 1911, that she traveled in the interest of the Royal Neighbors, a life insurance company geared towards women.28 Another pivotal organization that Clemmie was not only a part of but also helped lead was the Rebekah Lodge at the Odd Fellows Hall in Santa Ana, California.29 

In the 1920 Federal Census, Clemmie and George Sanger, Sr., appeared to be separated; George, Sr., lived in Oklahoma, and Clemmie and her son retained a California residence. Interestingly, the Federal Censuses recorded both parents as “widows” in the marriage status column.30 Two years later, on January 2, 1922, Clemmie Norman married Samuel Rowan Cooley (10/10/1883-10/27/1945), a telephone operator in San Diego, California.31 There is not much documentary evidence regarding the relationship between Samuel Cooley and Clemmie. Clemmie later worked with Dr. Joseph H. Stream (01/29/1872-10/03/1960), a chiropractor in San Diego, as an office nurse, and in 1938 she married Dr. Stream.32 

Death and Legacy 

Clemmie died on April 11, 1947. She is buried in Glen Abbey Memorial Park in Bonita, California.33 She was survived by her only son, George N. Sanger, Jr. 

Tribal Enrollment Information: 

Creek Nation (Dawes Roll) Enrollment Card 

Enrollment Number: 2545 

Card Number: 784 

Enrollment Date: September 9, 1899 

Endnotes 

1. Wesley G. Norman, U.S. Census Bureau. 1850 United States Federal Census, District W2, Henderson, Kentucky. Dwelling Number 406, Family Number 406. Accessed through Ancestry.com on October 5, 2024.  https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/15707763:8054; Clemmie Sanger, U.S. Census Bureau, 1900 United States Federal Census. Cedar Township, Eureka Springs, Ward 2, Carroll County, Arkansas. Enumeration District 0036, Family Number 327. Accessed through Ancestry.com on October 5, 2024. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/35171649:7602; W.S. Derrick, obituary for Caroline Killam Obituary. Our Brother In Red, October 1, 1883. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/our-brother-in-red-caroline-killam-obitu/152377820/.(accessed July 30, 2024); “Helen Clemmie Norman.” Southern Anthology: Families on the Frontiers of the Old South. ID 17353. https://gentrekker.com/getperson.php?personID=I7353&tree=Dickinson&sitever=standard (Accessed July 30, 2024); Carolina Elizabeth Gregory, Interview by Mildere B. McFarland, April 23, 1937, Edmond, OK, transcript, The Indian Pioneer Papers Collection, The University of Oklahoma Digital Collections, https://repository.ou.edu/islandora/object/oku%3A13581?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=40efa76a1ec3113986ac&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0&search=Caroline%2520Gregory. (Accessed August 6, 2024); “Caroline Gregory, Early Day Indian Missionary, Dies.” Tulsa Tribune, November 14, 1949, p. 6. Newspapers.com. https://newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/901337574/?match=1&terms=%22caroline%20gregory%22&pqsid=EE3lhvoZsHSfdVV9bsKY5A%3A17282%3A925183648 (Accessed October 5, 2024).  

2. Earl H. Kellam, “Family Record of the Weatherford Killam Kellam Generations.” Typescript, written 2005, on file with Public Library of Anniston and Calhoun County, AL. p. 15. OU Libraries Digital Collections, “Caroline Gregory;” https://publiclibrary.cc/digitalcollections/files/original/12/13658/Family-Record-of-the-Weatherford-Killam-Kellam-Generations.pdf. (Accessed August 7, 2024) 

3. Angie Debo, The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), 79-82. 

4. Lance L. Hall, “1882 Creek (Muskogee) Nation Census Hickory Ground Town.” https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~texlance/genealogy/1882census/hickoryground.htm. (Accessed August 6, 2024) 

5. Derrick, Caroline Killam Obituary.  

6. Derrick, Caroline Killam Obituary; Office of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Office of the Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes. “In the Matter of the Protest of the Creek Nation against the Enrollment of Rosa Alabama Norman, et al, [sic] as citizens of the Creek Nation.” In “Applications for Enrollment in the Five Civilized Tribes.” “Dawes Enrollment Jacket for Creek, Creek Enrollment Cases, Card #33.” NAID #45150083. National Archives and Records Administration. Pp. 13, 46, 71. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/45150083?objectPage=13. (Accessed July 31, 2024). 

7. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” p. 72; Kellam, “Weatherford.” 

8. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” p. 13, p. 72; Kellam, “Weatherford.” 

9. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter, p. 13, p. 72.  

10. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” p. 13.  

11. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” p. 13, p. 14.  

12. Alice Robertson’s Autograph Book, Jan 4, 1887. 1931.001.5.1.5. Papers of the Robertson and Worcester Families, 1815-1932, Special Collections, McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK. 

13. “Marriage of Clemmie H. Norman and George P. Sanger.” Weekly Chieftain (Vinita, Indian Territory), September 8, 1887. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-chieftain-marriage-of-clemmie/152429222/. (Accessed July 31, 2024) 

14. George Sanger, California, U.S., Death Index, 1905-1939. Accessed through Ancestry.com on October 22, 2024 https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/5187/images/41547_B138961-00027?pId=1015438 

15. “Marriage of Clemmie.”  

16. “Hotly Contested Murder Case.” Indian Citizen, June 20, 1891. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/indian-citizen-hotly-contested-murder-ca/152465106/. 

(Accessed July 31, 2024); Weekly Chieftain, “Clemmie.” 

17. “Death of Mary Alice Sanger.” Muskogee Phoenix, September 26, 1889. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-phoenix-death-of-mary-alice-san/152997668/. (Accessed July 31, 2024) 

18. “Presbyterian School Notes.” Muskogee Phoenix, August 28, 1890. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-phoenix-thu-aug-28-1890-page/151017713/ (Accessed July 31, 2024). 

19. “Fenton M. Sanger Murdered by Brother George Sanger.” Guthrie Democrat, September 24, 1890. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/guthrie-democrat-fenton-m-sanger-murder/106626118/. (Accessed July 31, 2024); “Captain F. M. Sanger Murdered.” Muskogee Phoenix, September 25, 1890. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/muskogee-phoenix-captain-f-m-sanger-mu/152464159/. (Accessed July 31, 2024) 

20. “George Sanger Tried and Acquitted by Federal Court,” Cherokee Telephone, June 11, 1891. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/cherokee-telephone-george-sanger-tried-a/152466030/. (Accessed July 31, 2024); Indian Citizen, “Hotly Contested Murder Case.” 

21. “Hotly Contested Murder Case;” “Captain F.M. Sanger;” “Fenton M. Sanger Murdered;” “George Sanger Tried.” 

22. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” 72. 

23. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” 1. 

24. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” 1. 

25. Office of the Interior, “In the Matter,” 1; Rena Weaver, Creek Nation, Dawes Roll Number 9223, Card Number 3315, Field Number 4009, Application April 16, 1902. Cited in National Archives and Records Administration. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/266129 (Accessed August 14, 2024); Rosa Alabama Norman, Creek Nation, Dawes Roll Number 9225, Card Number 3316, Field Number 4010, Application June 4, 1902. Cited in National Archives and Records Administration. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/266130. (Accessed August 14, 2024); Sammie Powell, Creek Nation, Dawes Roll Number 9226, Card Number 3317, Field Number 4011, Application June 4, 1902. Cited in National Archives and Records Administration. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/266131. (Accessed August 14, 2024). 

26. Clemmie (Clemmer) Sanger, U.S. Census Bureau, 1900 United States Federal Census, Eureka Springs Ward 2, Carroll, Arkansas, Enumeration District 0036. Accessed through Ancestry.com; George P. Sanger, U.S. Census Bureau, 1900 United States Federal Census, Sapulpa, Creek Nation, Indian Territory, Enumeration District 0053. Accessed through Ancestry.com. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/75126569:7602?tid=&pid=&queryid=8722a15d-218f-4dbf-8238-ce5e7efe0f19&_phsrc=uDp759&_phstart=successSource (August 15, 2024);  

27. Clemmie Sauger (Clennie Sauger) [sic], U.S. Census Bureau, 1910 United States Federal Census, Lindsay, Tulare, California, Enumeration District 0193. Accessed through Ancestry.com. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/191985468:7884. (August 1, 2024). 

28. Royal Neighbors of America. https://www.royalneighbors.org/. (Accessed August 1, 2024); 

“Around the Town,” Tulare Advance-Register, July 28, 1911, p. 6, Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/513558341/?match=1&terms=%22Clemmie+Sanger%22. (Accessed August 1, 2024) 

29. “Jan 25, 1912, Page 1.” Tulare Advance-Register, January 25, 1912, p. 1. Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/image/513546271/?match=1&terms=%22Clemmie+Sanger%22. 

(Accessed August 1, 2024) 

30. Clemmie H. Sanger, U.S. Census Bureau, 1920 United States Federal Census, San Diego, San Diego, California, Enumeration District 0269. Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/61550305:6061. Accessed August 2, 2024; George P. Sanger, U.S. Census Bureau, 1920 United States Federal Census, Strathmore, Tulare, California, Enumeration District 0233. Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/5975782:6061?tid=&pid=&queryId=cd4ec3f3-91e9-4ed6-80c2-7e52502175cc&_phsrc=uDp659&_phstart=successSource. (Accessed August 2, 2024). 

31. “Are Wed at Porter Home.” Riverside Daily Press, January 2, 1922, p. 8. Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/article/riverside-daily-press-marriage-of-cooley/152492807/. (Accessed August 2, 2024); Clemmie Cooley, U.S. Census Bureau, 1930 United States Federal Census, San Diego, San Diego, California, Enumeration District 0089. Accessed through Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/92165260:6224?tid=&pid=&queryId=38fff855-299a-4158-9bec-a21e24860d12&_phsrc=uDp661&_phstart=successSource. (August 2, 2024.) 

32. Federal Census, “1940.” City Directories, 1822-1995 for Clemmie S Stream.” Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/203644732:2469. (Accessed August 2, 2024); Arizona, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1865-1972 for Clemmie H. Sanger. Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/900294025:60873. (Accessed August 2, 2024); Clemmie I Stream, U.S. Census Bureau, 1940 United States Federal Census, San Diego, San Diego, California, Enumeration District 62-54, Accessed through Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/69493144:2442. (Accessed August 2, 2024). 

33. “Clemmie Stream.” FindaGrave. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/114707222/clemmie-stream#view-photo=86079316 (Accessed July 30, 2024); Clemmie Stream, California, U.S., Death Index, 1940-1997.” Ancestry. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/7121115:5180. (Accessed August 2, 2024). 

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“Arizona, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1865-1972 for Clemmie H. Sanger.” Accessed through Ancestry.com on August 2, 2024. https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/900294025:60873.    

“Around the Town.” Tulare Advance-Register, July 28, 1911, p. 6. Newspapers.com. Accessed August 1, 2024. https://www.newspapers.com/image/513558341/?match=1&terms=%22Clemmie+Sanger%22. 

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